We Can Do It! - A History of Women Military Band Conductors in World War II

Alexandra Zacharella
University of Arkansas - Fort Smith

Burr Oak
Thursday, March 27th
11:05 am

Clinic Synopsis

We Can Do It! is a slogan attached to the American Cultural Icon Rosie the Riveter. Rosie represented the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II and empowered women to take on traditionally male-dominated jobs. The 1940s brought about an age of American Feminism and an era of the birth of economic advantage for women. In addition to creating new workforce opportunities, the United States government created women's reserve units and recruited women to "free a man to fight." Each military branch enlisted women into separate units from the men and assigned these units acronyms: the Coast Guard SPARS (Semper Paratus, Always Ready), the Army WAAC/WAC (Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps/Women’s Army Corps), the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), and the Marine Corps WR (Women’s Reserve). Every branch of the service had women’s bands; the first band was activated in 1942 at the WAAC Training Center in Fort Des Moines, Iowa.

This presentation will discuss how the members of the United States women’s military bands served their patriotic duties and the role of women conductors in command of the military bands. This presentation will also discuss performances and programming during the war years and highlight the careers of the military conductors of the various branches. The conductors featured in the presentation will include Charlotte Plummer Owen, Marine Corps.; Lieutenant Martha Reddick, Coast Guard; Gloria Link, Navy; Warrant Officers Mary Waterman, MaryBelle Nissly, Margery Pickett, Florence Love, Army Corps., and conductor of the all-African American Army Band Sergeant Leonora Hull Brown.

Exploring the Historical Landscape of Pioneer Women Conductors

Alexandra Zacharella
University of Arkansas-Fort Smith

Post Oak
Friday, March 28th
9:30 am

Clinic Synopsis

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, many women made vital contributions to the world of conducting. There are anecdotes in history about composers/musicians like Fanny Mendelssohn, who performed “Sunday Concerts” in their homes, or Nadia Boulanger, who was internationally renowned as a music pedagogue but was also one of the first women to conduct prestigious English and American symphony orchestras, like the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra. Mapping the careers of the first women conductors has been challenging, however, it is now in the 21st century, that we can grasp the weight and depth of the role those women conductors played in the development of music as an artform throughout history.

This presentation will capture the lives and conducting careers of several notable pioneer women conductors through a series of short vignettes on each conductor. The conductors featured in this presentation include Elfrida Andrée (1841-1929) the first Swedish woman to conduct a symphony orchestra when she was named leader of the Gothenburg Workers Institute Concerts in 1897. Chiquinha Gonzaga (1847 - 1935), known as Brazil’s first woman conductor. Emma Roberto Steiner (1856-1929) and Caroline B. Nichols (1864-1939) the first women in the United States to make a successful career out of conducting musical performances. Lina Coen (1878-1952) the first woman in the United States to conduct an opera. Antonia Louisa Brico (1902-1989), the first woman to conduct the New York Philharmonic. Avril Coleridge-Taylor (1903-1998), the first woman credited with conducting the band of the H.M.S. Royal Marines. Liza Redfield (1924-2018) the first woman to be the full-time conductor of a Broadway pit orchestra and Margaret Rosezarian Harris (1943-2000) the first African American woman to conduct the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Detroit Symphony Orchestra.

Evaluation results demonstrate that the Haithcock et al. (2020) conducting curriculum did significantly increase this sample of conductor’s knowledge of and ability to perceive expressive movement across four art disciplines (mime, figure staking, dance, and conducting); however, it did not significantly affect conductors’ confidence level with the task of evaluating expressive movement. As most of the related research in music education addresses conductor competency related to non-verbal behaviors, this study addresses and extends previous research examining a relationship needed in the growing body of research focused on conducting curricula in all undergraduate music education degree programs.

Biography

Dr. Alexandra Zacharella is Director of Bands and Professor of Music-Low Brass at the University of Arkansas-Fort Smith. At UAFS, Zacharella directs the Wind Ensemble, Lions Athletic Band, Brass Ensemble, Trombone Choir, and Low Brass Ensemble. Zacharella also teaches the low brass studio and advanced and private conducting. Zacharella is an active wind ensemble/low brass clinician and has presented clinics and masterclasses in the US and abroad. In 2022, Zacharella was awarded the Excellence to the University, to the Profession, and to the Community Faculty Service Award at the University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, and in 2018 was also awarded the Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activities. Zacharella has presented at the 65th and 70th Annual Midwest Clinics and over 95 peer-reviewed presentations, papers, performances/recitals, lecture recitals and poster sessions on topics including, conducting and wind band repertoire, trombone, euphonium and tuba performance, women in music, brass pedagogy, and music education at the International Conferences of College Music Society, National and Regional CMS Conferences, the International Conductor’s Guild, the College Band Directors National Association Conference, International Trombone Festivals, International Women’s Brass Conferences, National Association of College Wind and Percussion Instructors Conferences, International Alliance for Music in Women Conference, Music by Women Festivals, College Band Directors National Association National and Southwestern Regional Conferences, South Central Regional Tuba Euphonium Conference, SliderAsia, Women Composers Festival of Hartford, She Festival and several state Music Educator’s Conferences and Arkansas Bandmasters.

The UAFS wind ensemble under Dr. Zacharella’s direction, has performed at three South-Central College Music Society Conferences, has conducted numerous world premieres, and has been involved in several commissioning projects for wind ensemble including recent works by Joseph Turrin, Katahj Copley, Michael Markowski, and Stephen Gryc. Zacharella holds a Doctor of Musical Arts from the University of Southern California in trombone performance with minors in Wind and Orchestral Conducting, Music Education, and Jazz studies, a Master of Music degree in trombone performance from The University of Michigan, and a Bachelor of Music in Trombone Performance and Bachelor of Music Education degrees from The University of Hartford, The Hartt School. Zacharella presently serves as the President of the South-Central Chapter of CMS, Awards Chair and Board Member of the International Conductors Guild, Advisory Board Member of the International Chapter of The College Music Society, the Arkansas CBDNA Commissioning Committee Chair and the CBDNA Small College Band Committee. Zacharella has previously served as treasurer, Vice President, and President-Elect of CMS-SC, has served on the CMS International Initiatives Committee, and was Past President and treasurer of the Arkansas Chapter of CBDNA. At the university level, Zacharella has served on over twenty-five college and university committees and is now serving as Chair of the UAFS Faculty Senate.

Zacharella serves as the artistic director and conductor of the collegiate-community based trombone ensemble Bordertown Bones who were invited to perform at the 2022 International Trombone Festival. The ensemble commissioned four new works for the trombone ensemble for ITF. During the summer, Zacharella is the artistic director and conductor for the UAFS Summer Music Band and Jazz & Rock Camp Programs. Zacharella is a Bach Artist and Warburton Signature Artist and maintains an active performance schedule on trombone and euphonium.